This article is a review article, which means it synthesizes and evaluates existing research on the impact of advanced paternal age on fertility and the risks of genetic disorders in offspring. It consolidates findings from numerous studies to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic, rather than presenting new experimental data. 

This article concluded that as men age, there is a notable decline in sperm quality, including decreased volume, motility, and normal morphology. This is attributed to reduced testicular function, changes in reproductive hormones, and a drop in Sertoli and Leydig cell function. Advanced paternal age is also linked to an increased risk of genetic mutations, such as DNA mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. Epigenetic changes, like gene silencing and altered gene expression, are more common, which may impact offspring health. Conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and pediatric cancers have higher incidences among children of older fathers. 

Older paternal age negatively influences outcomes in ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology) procedures, including in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), due to factors like increased DNA fragmentation. The study highlights a higher likelihood of pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth, associated with older fathers. Age-related changes include increased DNA damage, telomere alterations, centrosome abnormalities, and disruptions in gene function. These genetic and epigenetic modifications contribute to fertility issues and potential health risks for offspring. The research underscores the importance of educating older couples about the risks associated with delayed fatherhood and the potential impacts on reproductive health and offspring well-being.

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